1 5:1 tn: Grk “concerning the times and the seasons,” a reference to future periods of eschatological fulfillment (cf. Acts 1:7). 2 5:1 tn: Grk “brothers.” See note on the phrase “brothers and sisters” in 1:4. 3 5:2 sn: The day of the Lord is the period of time in the future when the Lord will intervene in the events of this earth to consummate his redemption and his judgment ( Isa 2:11-12; 13:6-13; Ezek 30:3; Joel 1:15; 2:32; 3:18; Amos 5:18-20; Obad 15-17; Zeph 1:7-18; 2:2-3; Zech 14:1, 13, 20-21; Mal 4:1, 5; 1 Cor 1:8; 5:5; 2 Cor 1:14; 2 Thess 2:2; 2 Pet 3:10). It includes both blessings and curses, though the latter is emphasized here. 4 5:2 sn: Jesus used a thief coming at night as an illustration of the unexpected and hostile nature of the coming of God’s judgment in the future. This is repeated in various ways in v. 4; 2 Pet 3:10; Rev 3:3; 16:15. 5 5:3 tc: ‡ δέ (de, “now”) is found in א2 B D 0226 6 1505 1739 1881 al, but lacking in א* A F G 33 it. γάρ (gar, “for”) is the reading of the Byzantine text and a few other witnesses (Ψ 0278 Ï). Although normally the shorter reading is to be preferred, the external evidence is superior for δέ (being found in the somewhat better Alexandrian and Western witnesses). What, then, is to explain the γάρ? Scribes were prone to replace δέ with γάρ, especially in sentences suggesting a causal or explanatory idea, thus making the point more explicit. Internally, the omission of δέ looks unintentional, a case of homoioarcton (otandelegwsin). Although a decision is difficult, in this instance δέ has the best credentials for authenticity. 6 5:3 tn: Grk “peace and security,” with “there is” understood in the Greek construction. 7 5:3 tn: Grk a singular “birth pain.” 8 5:4 tn: Grk “brothers.” See note on the phrase “brothers and sisters” in 1:4. 9 5:8 sn: An allusion to Isa 59:17. 10 5:8 tn: Grk “hope of salvation” (“a helmet…for salvation” is an allusion to Isa 59:17). 11 5:9 sn: God did not destine us for wrath. In context this refers to the outpouring of God’s wrath on the earth in the day of the Lord ( 1 Thess 5:2-4). 12 5:10 tn: Grk “the one who died,” describing Jesus Christ ( 1 Thess 5:9). Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started at the beginning of v. 10 in the translation. 13 5:10 sn: The phrases alert or asleep may be understood (1) of moral alertness (living in faith, love, and hope as vv. 6, 8 call for, versus being unresponsive to God) or (2) of physical life and death (whether alive or dead). The first fits better with the context of 5:1-9, while the second returns to the point Paul started with in 4:13-18 (no disadvantage for the believing dead). 14 5:12 tn: Grk “brothers.” See note on the phrase “brothers and sisters” in 1:4. 15 5:14 tn: Grk “brothers.” See note on the phrase “brothers and sisters” in 1:4. 16 5:24 tn: Grk “who will also do,” with the object understood from v. 23. 17 5:25 tn: Grk “brothers.” See note on the phrase “brothers and sisters” in 1:4. 18 5:26 tn: Grk “brothers.” See note on the phrase “brothers and sisters” in 1:4. 19 5:27 tn: Grk “I adjure you by the Lord,” “I put you under oath before the Lord.” 20 5:27 tc: Most witnesses, including some important ones (א2 A Ψ [33] 1739 1881 Ï ar vg sy bo), read “holy” before “brothers [and sisters]” (ἁγίοις ἀδελφοῖς, Jagioi” adelfoi”). It is possible that ἁγίοις dropped out by way of homoioteleuton (in uncial script the words would be written agioisadelfois), but it is equally possible that the adjective was added because of the influence of ἁγίῳ (Jagiw) in v. 26. Another internal consideration is that the expression ἅγιοι ἀδελφοί ({agioi adelfoi, “holy brothers”) is not found elsewhere in the corpus Paulinum, though Col 1:2 comes close. But this fact could be argued either way: It may suggest that such an expression is not Pauline; on the other hand, the unusualness of the expression could have resulted in an alteration by some scribes. At the same time, since 1 Thessalonians is one of the earliest of Paul’s letters, and written well before he addresses Christians as saints (ἅγιοι) in 1 Corinthians for the first time, one might argue that Paul’s own forms of expression were going through something of a metamorphosis. Scribes insensitive to this fact could well impute later Pauline collocations onto his earlier letters. The internal evidence seems to support, albeit slightly, the omission of ἁγίοις here. Externally, most of the better witnesses of the Alexandrian and Western texts (א* B D F G 0278 it sa) combine in having the shorter reading. Although the rating of “A” in UBS4 for the omission seems too generous, this reading is still to be preferred. tn: Grk “brothers.” See note on the phrase “brothers and sisters” in 1:4. 21 5:28 tc: Most witnesses, including a few important ones (א A D1 Ψ 1739c Ï lat sy bo), conclude this letter with ἀμήν (amhn, “amen”). Such a conclusion is routinely added by scribes to NT books because a few of these books originally had such an ending (cf. Rom 16:27; Gal 6:18; Jude 25). A majority of Greek witnesses have the concluding ἀμήν in every NT book except Acts, James, and 3 John (and even in these books, ἀμήν is found in some witnesses). It is thus a predictable variant. Further, the witnesses for the omission are sufficiently early and diffuse (B D* F G 0278 6 33 1739* 1881 it sa) to render the verdict against the particle here.